WHITHER PALESTINE?<\/p>\n
Ronnie Kasrils, Middle East Monitor, London 19 May, 2015.<\/p>\n
1. INTRODUCTION:
\nIt is an honour to have been invited to present this commemorative lecture in recognition of a truly extraordinary human being, the late Abdelwahab Elmessiri, who I was fortunate to have known albeit briefly. We met in South Africa at an international conference on Palestine in 2006, just two years before his untimely death at the age of seventy years.<\/p>\n
His distinguished career; his vast range of knowledge and interests illustrated in his fifty published books, articles and essays, mark him out as a prodigious scholar who aimed to make our world a better place to live in. I have been moved by his passion for freedom and justice for all humanity, especially the Palestinian cause. I find as I strive to become better acquainted with the Palestinian issue and Zionist Israeli history that his legacy is of enduring relevance.<\/p>\n
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As an eminent scholar of English literature, Abdelwahab Elmessiri, who loved paradox and metaphor, would I think approve of my starting off with reference to Lewis Carroll\u2019s Victorian classic \u201cAlice in Wonderland\u201d.<\/p>\n
Alice wanders along a river bank and falls down a deep hole. She finds herself at a crossroad in a topsy-turvy land. She asks a caterpillar seated on a toadstool the way. But Alice does not know where she is going. The caterpillar, puffing on a hookah, answers: \u201cIf you do not know where you are going any road will do.\u201d<\/p>\n
Certainly the Palestinians seem to find themselves in a quandary. And who can blame them, with the myriad of obstructions on their arduous journey in search of freedom and independence. Unlike Alice there is a Road Map, but one shared with another traveller (a veritable road-hog) whose intentions are by no means honourable – not to mention a Quartet of uneasy bedfellows who try to play traffic cop. In fact we observe that our Palestinian Alice is in the company of somebody akin to a Mad Hatter or the Queen of Hearts yelling \u201coff with her head.\u201d The analogy is replete with bizarre likenesses down to a grinning Cheshire Cat reminding one of a former British Prime Minister of recent times meddling in the process and taking fat cheques in return – grinning all the way to the bank. Like the disappearing Cheshire cat in Lewis Carroll\u2019s story all that remains is a disembodied grin gradually fading into thin air.<\/p>\n
Hopefully with some of Abdelwahab Elmessiri\u2019s insights, coupled with lessons he believed could be learnt from the South African struggle, we might shed some light on the way ahead. As we meet in the week of the 67th anniversary of Palestine\u2019s Nakba, I wish to state quite unequivocally that the issue is one of a settler colonial power that has dispossessed an indigenous people of their land and birth right and that the project goes back to the latter part of the nineteenth century. Further than that is the question: what is to be done? The answer requires a vision and a strategy for the stranded Alice.<\/p>\n
The situation is far worse than a mere stalemate for Alice\u2019s people are in dire straits to say the least. And many in their ranks have lost all faith in a Road Map and a Two- State idea they regard as a farce; and express the view that indeed a viable strategy does not exist.<\/p>\n
Ramzy Baroud, Palestinian writer, articulates this in forthright terms: \u201cWhat is the Palestinian strategy?\u201d he asks, \u201cThe painful reality is well known to many, although few take on the moral responsibility to confront it. And the posing of the question is telling in itself. It wouldn\u2019t be asked if there was a strategy in place, being implemented, and regularly revisited and modified. The question is a testament to all the failures of past strategies, and the political disintegration of any credible Palestinian leadership, currently represented by Mahmoud Abbas and his circle of wealthy businessmen and politicians.\u201d<\/p>\n
Already in 2006 when I met Elmessiri such questions were long in his mind and that of many others. Politeness has often inhibited friends of the Palestinians from speaking of this elephant in the room. We are willing to demonstrate our solidarity and don\u2019t wish to interfere. But with all due respect does not solidarity also require one to make ones thoughts known more particularly when Palestinians themselves constantly wish to tap one\u2019s experience?<\/p>\n
However first let us go back in history and return to such pressing questions in the course of this lecture. In 1976 Elmessiri wrote \u201cIsrael and South Africa: The Progression of a Relationship\u201d, one of the earliest works to compare Zionism with Apartheid. His learned study of Jewish history, culminated in his eight-volume \u201cThe Encyclopaedia of the Jews, Judaism and Zionism.\u201d<\/p>\n
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2. SCOPE:
\nIn examining apartheid South Africa, Elmessiri\u2019s concept of Israel as a \u201cFunctional Zionist State,\u201d (FZS) illustrates a symbiotic relationship between the settler colonialism of both entities. He presented this thesis at the 2006 conference and published under the title \u201cFrom functional Jewish communities to the Functional Zionist State.\u201d<\/p>\n
We will consider some of the remarkable similarities between apartheid South Africa and Zionist Israel. These coincide even as far as milestone dates are concerned. The characterisation firmly places both within the category of colonial settler states. Such consideration will extend to forms of resistance and seek to draw lessons from South Africa\u2019s national liberation struggle where clarity in strategy and vision was ultimately instrumental and rewarding.<\/p>\n
To categorise a system is to understand its character and function, both in its general and specific traits, and elaborate a strategy and vision about how to go about replacing it. The South African model has been referred to as \u201cColonialism of a Special Type\u201d (CST).<\/p>\n
Conceptualising the character of the Zionist State has not been an easy matter considering the enormous mythology and deception, its unusual traits, and the long period the Zionist narrative held sway in the West. Huge distortions have emerged in what should replace present day Israel and the OPT\u2019s: this of course is known as the Two State solution.<\/p>\n
Elmessiri drew particular similarities with apartheid South Africa. He wrote: \u201cDespite differences between Israel and South Africa from the perspective of their initial formational period, subsequent historical developments ensured that the similarities between the two settlement enclaves outweighed the differences and gave them a higher explanatory power.\u201d<\/p>\n
He points out that both began from different origins as settlement enclaves. These were to serve Western interests on multiple levels in exchange for support and protection. Both articulated similar biblical discourse justifying their worldview. Settlers are \u201cChosen People\u201d with a mission of civilising a supposed virginal wilderness awarded to them by God.<\/p>\n
In considering the advances made in the South African struggle leading to the opening of serious negotiations from 1990 and the formal ending of white minority apartheid rule four years later, we will consider the strategic formula termed \u201cThe Four Pillars of Struggle\u201d that helped gain that victory.<\/p>\n
The milestone of South Africa attaining democracy through national elections in April, 1994, coincides with the signing of the Oslo Accords, September 1993. These Accords offered mutual recognition between the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and Israel, and allowed the PLO to establish a governing Palestinian Authority (PA) in parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank from May 1994 onward.<\/p>\n
We shall consider the subsequent downturn in fortunes at a conjunction today where the Middle East and beyond is in such a perilous state that many believe that prospects for the Palestinians have never appeared so bleak.<\/p>\n
The questions arise: Whither Palestine? Is freedom and independence possible? What way forward?<\/p>\n
3. TWO COLONIAL SETTLER ENCLAVES:
\nThe demographics of former settler colonies have a bearing on our considerations. Are those of settler origin or descent inclined to depart at independence, be forcefully expelled or inclined to remain and embrace change? Of the colonies which had relatively sizeable settler communities at independence, Algeria in 1962 (one million or 10%); Portugal\u2019s colonies of Angola and Mozambique in 1975 (350,000 and 250,000 respectively or 3% and 2% each); Zimbabwe before 1980 (250,000 or 3%); only South Africa (four million or 10% in 1994) retained the demographics. Algeria\u2019s colons almost seamlessly relocated back to France; Zimbabwe\u2019s settlers moved to South Africa or Britain; and the Portuguese settlers chose South Africa or returned to their country of origin. In 1946 Mandate Palestine of a population of 1.8 million some 600,000 were European Jews (32%) from a mere 8,000 in 1882. Today\u2019s demographics for what formally comprised historic Palestine (Zionist Israel; Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip) there are just under six million Palestinians (not counting 5 million refugees with their right of return) and 6.1 million Jews.<\/p>\n
The aforementioned statistics are salient pointers as to the possible future demographics of both South Africa and Palestine. Both have sizable former settler populations, many with roots going back several generations, and unlike the French colons in Algeria no metropolitan country to return to \u2013 valid passports in hand. The majority of whites had lived in the country for generations and had put down deep roots – the South African word \u201cAfrikaner\u201d denoting \u201cAfrican.\u201d Israeli Sabras are of a similar disposition whilst the recent interlopers from such origins as Brooklyn and Russia, for all their fanaticism, might well pack baggage for America.<\/p>\n
Elmessiri had an excellent grasp of the origin and character of the colonial system and was adept at comparison. In considering particular turning points in the fate of the colonised peoples he writes of the sinister ploys of the rulers of the British Empire in creating the Union of South Africa in 1909 and formulating the Balfour Declaration of 1917. In his essay on the Functional Zionist State he observes: \u201cThe Zionist state is a settler enclave like any other. It is by no means a coincidence that the Balfour Declaration and the South Africa Act of Union of 1909 [was] affected in \u2018large part by the same handful of politicians\u2019, namely Lord Milner, Lord Selbourne, Lord Balfour, Joseph Chamberlain, and [South Africa\u2019s] General Smuts [who had led a guerrilla struggle of Boer settlers against the British from 1899-1902]. In implanting and backing white settlers in South Africa and Zionist settlers in Palestine, the British Empire was founding two little pockets of settler-colonists who would owe allegiance to the imperial metropolis and would serve as bases of operations when the need arose.\u201d<\/p>\n
All this took place before the rise of the modern resistance movements in the Arab World. And likewise at the time when the armed resistance of spear and shield by tribal societies and kingdoms in Southern Africa had finally been crushed after 250 years of intermittent wars of reaction to colonial invasion, conquest, dispossession and occupation.<\/p>\n
The years between the two world wars, and particularly the implications of the1917 Balfour Declaration, have been documented but not readily understood outside Arab discourse, given the domination of the Zionist narrative in the West and powerful manipulative mainstream media at the service of imperialist and corporate capitalist power. The rise of Palestinian national consciousness in response to British rule and Zionist settler immigration saw its historic apogee in the 1936-39 Arab uprising which commenced with a six month general strike. The length of the revolt and its ruthless crushing by the British, accounting for over one thousand insurgents killed and 112 executed, with 100 British soldiers dead; thousands placed in concentration camps; homes demolished; collective punishment meted out (methods copied by the Zionists a decade later); left the Palestinian people weakened and without leadership at a crucial turning point after World War Two. The embodiment of Palestinian resistance was illustrated in the martyrdom of the young guerrilla patriot Abdul Rahim Al Haj Mohammed, one of many who gallantly fell in combat with the British. In fact the protracted uprising was quite extraordinary taking place a score of years before the anti-colonial armed struggles broke out in Cyprus, Kenya, Algeria, Burma, Malaya, Philippines, Vietnam etc. That glorious episode of Palestinian resistance is deserving of greater research and attention, and assists in explaining the depth of Palestinian steadfastness summed up in the word \u201csumud.\u201d<\/p>\n
The Zionist project was able, with the complicity and deceit of the departing British, and in the face of the poorly organised response from weak Arab states, to seize the upper hand. The British had left the Zionist militia vast supplies of arms and equipment; many had served in Britain\u2019s war time forces; and they numbered more than the combined Arab armies that ultimately were despatched to protect the 45% territory apportioned to the Palestinians by the iniquitous 1947 UN Partition Plan. Palestine at the strategic cross-roads between Europe, Africa and Asia, was vital to Britain\u2019s imperialist interests and Balfour\u2019s deal would, they believed, be to their advantage. Arthur Koestler, the writer, was to sum up Balfour\u2019s perfidious legacy in a brilliantly pithy manner: \u201cOne nation promised a second nation the land of a third nation.\u201d And that was grabbed with ferocious barbarity in 1947-48.<\/p>\n
A similar land dispossession and plunder by Britain had occurred at the southern end of Africa. South Africa for its vast mineral wealth, and strategic position on the sea route to the East, had become a coveted possession of Britain\u2019s. As a consequence of the discovery of diamonds in 1870 and gold in 1886 the years preceding the Act of Union witnessed the rapid industrialisation of the country. In parallel went the final stages of the crushing of the military organisation of the indigenous peoples. This enabled the final dispossession of their land; exploitation of their labour power, and enactment of strict race laws preceding the apartheid system. The system in South Africa was essentially about the exploitation of cheap black labour for super profits. Modernisation saw the emergence of 20th century political organisations and trade unions among the indigenous population.<\/p>\n
The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 to unite the African people in response to white rule where Britain, as later in Palestine, had handed the land of the Africans to the white nation of General Smuts largely British and Dutch settlers. By the 1950\u2019s, through mass struggle and building alliances among all groups, it grew to represent the aspirations of all races and classes for a democratic state based on an inclusive vision enshrined in a Freedom Charter which came to grip the masses: \u201cWe, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people.\u201d<\/p>\n
The national liberation movement employed non-violent, but increasingly militant forms of struggle until the Sharpeville massacre in 1960. On being outlawed and finding all avenues to peaceful change closed, the Movement resorted to methods of armed resistance in a fighting declaration that stated: \u201cThe time comes in the life of any nation to submit or fight: that time has now come to South Africa.\u201d<\/p>\n
Turning back the clock just over a decade, the year 1948 was one of the darkest for both the Palestinian and South African people; truly an annus horribilis.<\/p>\n
For South Africans May 1948 marked the election of the Afrikaner apartheid government, (as opposed to domination by English-speaking business interests), consolidating over three centuries of Dutch and British colonial conquest and white supremacy, and the prelude to a forty-six year maelstrom for the black people.<\/p>\n
For the Palestinians May 1948 marked the Nakbah- the catastrophic dispossession and ethnic cleansing at the hands of the rampant Zionist project.<\/p>\n
As is known the result was expulsion of 750,000 Palestinians from a land they had inhabited for millennia; with some 500,000 managing to remain behind in spite of the terror tactics and massacres perpetrated by the Zionists. Whilst apartheid South Africa has disappeared in form to be replaced by a democratic unitary state of equal citizens, the suffering and brutality endured by the Palestinians gets more excessive and horrific year by year.<\/p>\n
4. ISRAEL AN APARTHEID STATE
\nThe blatant apartheid character of Israel was referred to by Dr Hendrik Verwoerd \u2013 South Africa\u2019s architect of grand-apartheid. In 1961, in expressing his deep admiration for Israel\u2019s foundation and socio-political architecture, he remarked: \u201cThe Jews took Israel from the Arabs after the Arabs had lived there for a thousand years. Israel like South Africa is an apartheid state.\u201d<\/p>\n
He was irked by the condemnation of apartheid policy and Harold Macmillan\u2019s 1960 \u201cWinds of Change\u201d speech, in contrast to the West\u2019s unconditional support for Israel. To be sure Verwoerd was correct albeit erroneously calculating indigenous settlement from Islamic times. Both states were based on colonial dispossession of an indigenous people\u2019s land; preached and implemented a policy based on racial ethnicity; the sole claim of Jews in Israel and whites in South Africa to exclusive citizenship; monopolised rights in law regarding the ownership of land, property, business; privileged access to education, health, social, sporting and cultural amenities, pensions and municipal services at the expense of the indigenous population; exclusive service in the security forces, and privileged development along racial supremacist lines; even marriage laws protecting race purity. Israel\u2019s institutional racial discrimination fits the United Nations definition of apartheid.<\/p>\n
The UN Convention against the Crime of Apartheid outlawed such practices anywhere in the world in 1976 as follows: \u201cAny measures, including legislative measures, designed to divide the population along racial lines by the creation of separate reserves and ghettos for the members of a racial group or groups, the prohibition of mixed marriages among members of various racial groups, the expropriation of landed property belonging to a racial group or groups or to members thereof…\u201d and defined the crime of Apartheid as \u201c…inhuman acts committed for the purpose of establishing and maintaining domination by one racial group…over another racial group…and systematically oppressing them.\u201d<\/p>\n
The UN General Assembly succeeded in holding Israel to account as an Apartheid State in adopting a resolution which \u201cdetermined that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination,\u201d although unfortunately revoked in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n
After coming to power in 1948 the apartheid regime soon began clearing South Africa\u2019s towns of so-called \u201cblack spots\u201d – where the \u201cnon-whites\u201d had resided, socialised, studied and traded – bulldozing homes, loading families onto trucks, and forcibly relocating them to distant dormitory settlements but unlike the Bantustans close enough to the industrial areas where they were employed and harshly exploited.<\/p>\n
Although Verwoerd died prior to the occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza, he would have admired the machinations that enclosed the Palestinians in ghettoised prisons. This was after all his grand plan, and the reason why Jimmy Carter could so readily identify the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) as being akin to apartheid where, in his words, \u201ca horrible example of apartheid is being perpetrated against the Palestinians who live there.\u201d<\/p>\n
In fact the disconnected Bantustans comprised 13% of apartheid South Africa, uncannily comparable to the fragmented territories that Israeli occupation, security grid system, Jewish-only roads, apartheid wall, water appropriation and illegal settlements, has reduced Palestinian living and farming space to in the OPT\u2019s. The 22% 1967 Green Line border estimated as having shrunk in this way to under 12%.<\/p>\n
The remote Bantustans represented dumping grounds for the apartheid system\u2019s reserve army of labour. This explains the crucial difference between South Africa and Israel. In the former the colonial settlers institutionalised racist exploitation; in the latter it institutionalised racist exclusion. Apartheid depended on black labour; Zionism never depended on Palestinian labour in the same way and attempts as far as possible to reduce such dependency. This naturally militates against Palestinian resistance compared to the dynamic role the black working class could play in South Africa and needs to be compensated in other ways which will be considered later.<\/p>\n
What Verwoerd admired too was the impunity with which Israel exercised state violence to get its way, without hindrance from the West. An imperialist Israel was permitted to annexe territory by force against the rising tide of Arab nationalism in the region.<\/p>\n
An unholy alliance developed and the two rogue states connived in secret arms deals and military cooperation. Israel helped South Africa upgrade its jet fighter squadrons, supplied war ships and missile systems and assisted in the development of seven nuclear bombs undermining international sanctions. The arms industries of the two states became closely interlocked with billions of dollars of profits generated. Israel empowered Apartheid South Africa to crush its black population, carry out aggression against neighbouring African states and helped to perpetuate the racist system.<\/p>\n
Solidarity between the ANC and PLO strengthened over the years supporting one another at the United Nations and elsewhere. Following Israel\u2019s invasion of the Lebanon in 1982, and the Sabra and Chatila massacres, Oliver Tambo, the ANC President, declared before the UN General Assembly:
\n\u201cThe parallels between the Middle East and Southern Africa are as clear as they are sinister. The onslaught on the Lebanon, the massive massacre of Lebanese and Palestinians, the attempt to liquidate the PLO and Palestinian people, all of which were enacted with impunity by Israel have been followed minutely and with unconcealed interest and glee by the Pretoria racist regime which has designs for perpetrating the same kind of crime in Southern Africa in the expectation that, like Israel, it will be enabled by its allies to get away with murder.\u201d<\/p>\n
5. COLONIALISM OF A SPECIAL TYPE:
\nThe classical form of colonialism was a system where the colonised were dispossessed of their land and rights and were ruled, oppressed and exploited by a distant metropolitan power. The colony provided cheap labour and raw materials; the metropolis industrialised, produced the manufactured goods, grew rich on the wealth created and vied for world markets.<\/p>\n
Another form was where sufficient settler populations existed and consequently where political rule over the indigenous colonised people was handed to them. The colonial mode of production in this case saw wealth accruing to both the settler capitalist class and the parent companies of the colonial power. The South African liberation movement termed this model, \u2018Colonialism of a Special Type\u2019 (CST), with important consequences for strategy, methods of struggle and objectives.<\/p>\n
CST as a theoretical framework was adopted by the South African Communist Party (SACP) in 1962. As will be seen, Israel embodies similar features although the Zionist settler enclave has unique traits setting it apart – particularly in the origin of its settler population, its measures of de-population and consequently deliberate non-use of indigenous native labour. The racist capitalist system in South Africa depended on the labour power of the conquered indigenous masses and therefore needed their reproduction at minimal cost. To quote from the SACP programme:
\n\u201cThe conceding of independence to South Africa by Britain in 1910 was not a victory over the forces of colonialism and imperialism. It was designed in the interests of imperialism. Power was transferred not into the hands of the masses of people of South Africa, but into the hands of the White minority alone. The evils of colonialism, insofar as the Non-White majority are concerned, were perpetuated and reinforced. A new type of colonialism was developed, in which the oppressing White nation occupied the same territory as the oppressed people themselves and lived side by side with them.<\/p>\n
On one level, that of White South Africa, there are all the features of an advanced capitalist state in its final stage of imperialism…But on another level, that of Non White South Africa, there are all the features of a colony. The indigenous population is subjected to extreme national oppression, poverty and exploitation, lack of all democratic rights and political domination…The African Reserves [later to be termed Bantustans] show the complete lack of industry, communications and power resources which are characteristic of African territories under colonial rule throughout the Continent.<\/p>\n
Typical too of imperialist rule, is the reliance by the state upon brute force and terror…Non-White South Africa is the colony of White South Africa itself.<\/p>\n
It is this combination of the worst features of both imperialism and colonialism, within a single national frontier, which determines the special nature of the South African system and has brought upon its rulers the justified hatred and contempt of progressive and democratic people throughout the world…\u201d<\/p>\n
Replacing the words \u2013 \u201cSouth Africa\u201d with \u201cIsrael\u201d or \u201cPalestine\u201d depending on the periods; \u201cWhite South Africa\u201d with the \u201cJewish settlers\u201d; \u201cNon-White\u201d with \u201cPalestinians\u201d; and \u201cAfrican Reserves\u201d (i.e. Bantustans) with \u201cGaza\u201d and \u201cWest Bank\u201d – we find a striking comparison between South African CST and that of Zionist Israel notwithstanding their different traits.<\/p>\n
The conceding of independence by Britain to the white minority in South Africa in 1910 is comparable to the 1947 partition deal which paved the way for the handing over of power in Palestine to the Jewish minority which they violently seized in 1948 not only taking the 55% of territory allotted to them but seizing 78% by 1949.<\/p>\n
6. THE ZIONIST COLONIAL AGENDA:
\nThe early Zionists did not hide their colonial agenda. Their mind-set, vision and ambitions was influenced by the Congress of Berlin of 1886 when the European Colonial powers were carving up their respective areas of interest and colonial possessions in Africa. Herzl and his circle used the same language in their search for a Jewish colony. Herzl was a client in search of a sponsor \u2013 this specific trait of Zionist colonialism being unique – as he toured Europe\u2019s capitals, from Ottoman Constantinople, to Berlin, France and finally London where he found his benefactor in the anti-Semite Lord Balfour wanting to be rid of the Jews in return for a buffer state in the Middle East to secure the interests of the British Empire.<\/p>\n
Colonial settlement was the vogue in the language of early Zionism. Post World War Two, however, the colonial system was being dismantled as a shamefully retrogressive legacy and the term was anathema. Zionism consequently had to present its project in a different guise and projected itself as a national independence movement like all others.<\/p>\n
Opponents of Zionism and injustice must not cease exposing this racist dogma for what it is: a colonial project from start to finish. This is imperative in the battle of ideas and legitimacy. Zionists rely on deception and lies to hide the truth of Israel\u2019s inequity and cynically manipulate people\u2019s emotions including their own who they befuddle with fear of the \u201cother\u201d. The trick of the oppressor is to keep even their own people unconscious and blinded to reality. Hence any Jew who disagrees is dubbed a traitor and a \u201cself-hating\u201d Jew. Anyone opposed to Zionism or Israel\u2019s barbarism is an anti-Semite. The sleight of hand is to equate opposition to Zionism and Israel with anti-Semitism.<\/p>\n
From Herzl to Ben Gurion we learn from the horse\u2019s mouth the true colonial nature and objectives of the Zionist project.<\/p>\n
Herzl stated in 1896, when ethnic nationalism was on the rise in Poland and the Russian Empire, once a Jewish state was established the aim would be to: \u201cSpirit the penniless population (the Palestinians) across the borders and be rid of them.\u201d<\/p>\n
Vladmir Jabotinsky, whose blunt 1930\u2019s radicalism, (admiration for Mussolini\u2019s fascism, and disdain for the diplomatic caution of rival Zionists), has triumphed in Fortress Israel, argued that Zionist colonisation had to be \u201ccarried out in defiance of the will of the native population\u201d. He added: \u201cThis colonization can therefore continue and develop only under the protection of a force independent of the local population \u2013 an iron wall which the native population cannot break through. This is, in toto, our policy towards the Arabs. To formulate it any other way would be hypocrisy.\u201d<\/p>\n
Israel\u2019s first Prime Minister, David Ben Gurion, who unlike Jabotinsky, normally went to great lengths to conceal the true agenda, stated in an off-the-record discourse in the 1950s: \u201cWhy should the Arabs make peace? If I was an Arab leader, I would never make terms with Israel. That is natural: We have taken their country. Sure, God promised it to us, but what does that matter to them. Our God is not theirs. We come from Israel, it\u2019s true, but two thousand years ago, and what is that to them? There has been anti-Semitism, the Nazis…but was that their fault? They only see one thing: we came here and stole their country\u201d<\/p>\n
General Moshe Dayan, as outspokenly hawkish as Jabotinsky, explained: \u201cBefore [the Palestinians] very eyes we are possessing the land and villages where they, and their ancestors, have lived…We are the generation of colonisers, and without the gun barrel we cannot plant a tree and build a home\u201d.<\/p>\n
Secretly admitting Zionism\u2019s intentions, Ben Gurion confided in 1938: \u201cafter we become a strong force, as the result of the creation of a state, we shall abolish partition and expand into the whole of Palestine.\u201d<\/p>\n
Three decades later Moshe Dayan triumphantly recounted the milestones: \u201cOur fathers had reached the frontiers which were recognized in the UN Partition Plan of 1947 [56% of the land]. Our generation reached the frontiers of 1949 [78% of the land]. Now the Six Day Generation [of 1967] has managed to reach Suez, Jordan and the Golan Heights. This is not the end.\u201d<\/p>\n
Such statements contextualised Zionism\u2019s objectives and provide the clues as to why Israel has not been interested in real peace terms; cannot be a faithful negotiating partner; and that behind any short term or pragmatic objective is the quest for the Greater Israel from the Mediterranean to the River Jordan. Sharon and Netanyahu\u2019s extreme cynicism and brutality exemplify this. If we harken back to Alice: it is a case of leading one up a very bloody garden path. If Alice fails to comply it is \u201coff with her head\u201d. And make no error in falling for the duplicity of any Zionist Party: a case of Tweedledee and Tweedledum.<\/p>\n
Given the consistency of those aforementioned statements of leading Zionists, it becomes obvious that Israel\u2019s existence has been based on colonial conquest, annexation (whenever the time is ripe), ever expanding colonial settlements, and in the words of South Africa\u2019s CST \u201cconstitute the reliance by the state upon brute force and terror\u201d.<\/p>\n
7. CST IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGISTS:
\nThe question arises: does the CST analogy assist in understanding the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, point to its resolution by assisting in formulating a realisable strategy and vision, and what relevance does it have for activists within Palestine, Israel and internationally? Does it imply that descendants of settlers may be permitted to have a place in the sun once the indigenous people are emancipated and rule in their own house once again?<\/p>\n
CST was formulated for South Africa during a different global context, and involved political formations and conditions specific to that country, but in characterising a colonial paradigm existing elsewhere it can be argued that it has universal applications. The South African academic, Shamil Jeppie, in utilising the views of French Marxists, Maxime Rodinson about Algeria and Palestine in 1967, approaches the possible decolonisation of Israel by applying that comparative methodology.<\/p>\n
The importance of the CST characterisation, for both descriptive and strategic purposes, is that it demolishes the dangerous charade that Zionism is itself a national liberation movement, and that consequently both the claims of Israel and the Palestinians should be treated by the international community in a balanced and even-handed manner; on a par with one another; holding out the ultimate promise of a two-state solution. It is this mantra and misconception that has counter-acted against the efficacy of the Palestinian cause and contrived to make the strategy and vision so elusive. With the Oslo effect, in the sphere of international solidarity, this deception has effectively reduced Palestine\u2019s natural allies, South Africa foremost among them, from playing the far more forthright role of boycotting and isolating Israel that is urgently required. The reasoning goes: if the Palestinian leadership (read the PA) accepts the \u201ctwo- state\u201d option then who are we to disagree?<\/p>\n
The CST thesis cuts to the bone. It lifts the veil on the true nature of this historic struggle for land, and national rights, which requires full national self-determination and independence for the Palestinian people before all else. This is fundamental and the basis for solving the national question, which among other key elements calls for the Right of Return of the Palestinian refugees and handing back their homes and property; and rejecting the Law of Return which allows any Jew anywhere in the world from Paris to Patagonia, Brooklyn to Belorussia, to claim a place in Palestine, with additional subsidies if they reside in the West Bank settlement block which is illegal and contrary to international law.<\/p>\n
It is only on the basis of the freedom, independence and equality of the colonized nation that the settlers and their descendants will find security and their place in the sun previously referred to. For such a goal there are consequences for the strategy and tactics required. It neither side-lines the refugees nor marginalises the internal 1948 Palestinians within Israel; nor ignores those in the diaspora whilst only focusing on the right to national self-determination of those living under occupation and giving them their own stunted mini-state or Bantustan. It demolishes Israel\u2019s attempts at divide and rule. It unites all contingents in their millions in a clear vision for their undivided land and with correct strategic leadership and action can dramatically alter the balance of forces, so long stacked against the Palestinians. It provides a powerful vision and incentive for all. And by being inclusive it ultimately allays the existential fears of the settler community. It helps to construct a vision of ultimate commonality of existence. Sooner or later pragmatic motivations and political-economic factors will come to the fore. While there will be those who fear that Palestinian rights and hopes will be swamped by Zionist domination the space opened up in the struggle for equality and democracy could offer far greater opportunities than any other route.<\/p>\n
In 1964 when the PLO was initially formed by the Arab League the outlook was not conducive to a concept such as CST. It was purely and simply seen as a case of reclaiming the land and getting rid of the Jewish settlers. Although in the 1940\u2019s the idea of a bi-national state had featured in debate among Jewish progressives mainly but not only communists, a full grasp of the implications of the national question was not appreciated and distorted their judgement. For example after 1948 the Communist Party of Israel, Arab members included, issued membership cards titled \u201cThe Communist Party of Israeli Patriots.\u201d This psychological confusion persists among Israel\u2019s Jewish \u201cleft\u201d to this day and inevitably militates against unity of progressive forces. In fact this is in contradistinction to South African communists who understood that justice for the indigenous African people, the restitution of land and rights, was the primary requirement and in fact would constitute the motor force for change. Whilst at the same time recognising the right of all to citizenship so necessary to a vision based on justice and equality.<\/p>\n
CST had emerged out of the socio-economic development in South Africa; the matured politics of the ANC-SACP Alliance in that period; a shared experience of struggle against white minority rule which led to the unity of the people based on consultative processes, appropriate programs of action and common objectives. This deepened an analysis of both race and class contradictions; the need to isolate the centres of reaction; divide ones adversary and ultimately attract the broad populace to the necessity for change on the basis of common and equal citizenship rights.<\/p>\n
The newly formed PLO in 1964, was composed of numerous factions that needed to be balanced, and was under the direct influence of the Arab League. However within two years, under Arafat\u2019s leadership, with the revolutionary fervour of leading components such as Fatah and Habash\u2019s PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) and other militants, an independent banner of resistance was raised aloft. The PLO succeeded in raising the national consciousness of the scattered Palestinian people, who regained their national aspirations and hopes. By 1993, with the Oslo Accords, however, the segregated concept of two separated states was entrenched.<\/p>\n
Two related questions arise: can something akin to the CST concept assist in uniting the Palestinian people and formations, and point a new way forward? And to what degree would it help prise the Israeli Jews away from the colonial settler paradigm to follow the example of progressive white South Africans and accept a non-racist, unitary state of all the people? The views of Elmessiri are relevant in this respect and stem from his seminal essay on the Functional Zionist State (FZS), which has been referred to earlier.<\/p>\n
8. THE FUNCTIONAL ZIONIST STATE
\nIn his essay Elmessiri argues that the concept of the functional group and the functional state \u201cis an analytical concept that has high explanatory power that can account for many aspects of the Zionist settler enclave, both in its general and specific traits and that this concept helps us understand the nature of the Arab-Israel conflict which would hopefully help us come up with some kind of permanent solution, and not simply a temporary one.\u201dAny arrangement dividing people can only be a temporary solution.<\/p>\n
His study of the functional exploitation of the Jewish elite in Medieval Europe, and particularly the Poland-Ukraine-Russia of Herzl\u2019s inner circle and experience, where most European Jews resided, has relevance. I quote from his thesis at some length to bring out its substance: \u201cThe Jewish functional group, a commercial settler colonial quasi-military group that played the role of intermediary between feudal lords and peasants and serfs, and the noble\u2019s tool of ruthless exploitation, was transferred to Palestine to play the same role and discharge the same function within the framework of the Zionist functional state. The tripartite relationship (Polish nobles, Jewish colonial intermediaries and Ukrainian serfs) to a large extent resembles the tripartite relationship that currently dominates in the Middle East (American imperialism, Zionist colonial intermediaries, Arabs of Palestine). The Jewish element in both cases is a useful colonial one that is maintained not because of its intrinsic worth, but because of its utility.\u201d<\/p>\n
Elmessiri continues: \u201cAs Theodor Herzl negotiated for a national homeland, he used this argument, time and again. His Zionist movement, he claimed, could help in \u2018draining off the surplus Jewish proletariat\u2019 [of Europe] and….once transferred….outside Europe, they would be assigned a new function to form a settler colonial state that would at once absorb the transferred surplus and serve the interests of the Western world. This would in return, guarantee its survival and continuity and provide it with financial, political and economic aid, necessary for its survival. In other words, it is a functional state.\u201d<\/p>\n
Herzl could not have dreamt that it would take the Nazi Holocaust to attain his vision. Although so cruel and cynical, so elitist were those political Zionists \u2013 indeed to present times \u2013 that history exposes the extent to which they despised the Yiddish proletarians as dispensable pawns in their ambitions which included certain unsavoury relations with Nazis and Italian fascists. Jewish workers – members of the Jewish Bund in South Africa \u2013 loathed the Zionists from their east European experience and were among the most vociferous opponents of Zionism in the early decades of the 20th century.<\/p>\n
Western leaders, post-World War Two, eager to be rid of displaced Jews, with no functional value, whom they were not interested to assimilate into their societies, found it strategically convenient and advantageous to facilitate the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine. Some 140,000 refugees from Europe boosted Palestine\u2019s population from 1945 to 1948. If there was any hesitation on the part of the British it derived from their duplicity in keeping their hand in with their Arab client states.<\/p>\n
Elmessiri continues: \u201cThis was done on the premise that the Jews in Palestine are an independent demographic element whose security could be guaranteed by the West, and for which it could realise a high standard of living, provided that the settler enclave performed the function of defending Western strategic interests in the region. Financial support was extended to a colonial and alien demographic element, in return for it performing a strategic military role. The said role is the basic commodity that the settler colonial enclave produces and that the West acquires in return for the financial, political, and military support it provides. Anything apart from this is no more than mere apologetics or marginal details that have very little explanatory power.\u201d<\/p>\n
Herzl made no bones about placing a future Jewish state at the disposal of imperialism. Such a state, Herzl promised, would constitute for Europe in Palestine \u201ca part of the wall against Asia, and serve as the vanguard of civilization against barbarism.\u201d<\/p>\n
This prophetic \u201cfunctionalism\u201d was demonstrated soon after Israel\u2019s independence, in the joint invasion of Egypt in 1956, with Britain and France, and temporary seizure of the Suez Canal. Little wonder that back in 1921 Winston Churchill, then Britain\u2019s Colonial Secretary, had observed: \u2018Zionism is good for the Jews and good for the British Empire\u2019.<\/p>\n
After the Suez intervention the USA soon demonstrated its willingness to become Israel\u2019s \u201cchief backer\u201d. US military aid to Israel represents the largest transfer of funds from one country to another in history, estimated at $100 billion from 1949 to the end of the 20th century.<\/p>\n
President George W. Bush magnanimously provided Israel with a $30 billion dollar military aid programme announced in 2007 following Israel\u2019s onslaught on the Lebanon.<\/p>\n
Despite differences with Netanyahu, and the latter\u2019s insolence in baiting him, American President, Obama has readily replenished Israel\u2019s military arsenal to the tune of billions of dollars, after every horrifying assault on Gaza.<\/p>\n
President Reagan explained in 1981 the reason for such lavish aid: \u2018With a combat experienced military, Israel is a force in the Middle East that is actually a benefit to us. If there were not Israel with that force, we\u2019d have to supply it with our own.\u2019<\/p>\n
In fact on that basis America\u2019s $5 billion dollars a year is a cheap price to pay for Israel\u2019s service. Reagan was not simply articulating that Israel was a \u201ctool\u201d of the USA. It is much more than that. He was speaking of its functional utility. Paying for that was a bargain at any price.<\/p>\n
An example of one of the most cynical functional services Israel performs is the turning of Gaza into a permanent shooting and bombing range for the periodic testing of the international arms industry state of the art weaponry and equipment. The people of the Gaza Strip are the guinea pigs in this serial war game. In fact Gaza has been turned into a vast open air laboratory for the testing of the latest munitions and material. This is a vital utility for 21st Century imperialism\u2019s military arsenal.<\/p>\n
Such a real time, live test circuit meets the wildest dreams of the arms industry. As the weapons designers perfect their latest stock of developed technology they must count the hours and days to Israel\u2019s forthcoming round on the killing fields of Gaza.<\/p>\n
The nexus between America and Israel rules out any solid belief that the USA can perform the function of \u201chonest broker\u201d. Israel\u2019s rulers are clearly aware that whatever their differences, Washington will stand by them. Netanyahu understands this better than most and plays the hand adroitly. In his slickness he well knows how to appeal to the western media who ultimately take their cue from American interests and have made global brainwashing an art in keeping with their obfuscating role.<\/p>\n
Palestinians seeking a negotiated settlement through American goodwill are bound to come up against a dead end or should we say Herzl and Jabotinsky\u2019s \u201ciron wall\u201d \u2013 a wall not only to secure the Zionist state but to enable it to perform a function supporting USA and Western interests in the region and beyond.<\/p>\n
Elmessiri points out that throughout history \u201cfunctional groups\u201d of ancient and medieval times, ultimately outlive their function, through the emergence of the modern nation state. They become a liability and their people are dispensed with or may become assimilated into the wider society. Some examples provided are Japanese Samurai, Hebrew mercenaries in the Hellenic period, Papal Swiss Guards, Ottoman Janessaries, Cossacks, Gurkhas and Mamlukes, Prussian mercenaries who interestingly served the British in South Africa and so on. Not only mercenaries, however, for he cites the many categories of traders such as Arab, Lebanese, Chinese, Indian who followed the trade routes from ancient times. He stresses that there is nothing intrinsic to the Jewish people about financial and commercial skills; rather that the acumen derives from the functional role. Outright collaborative regimes such as Vichy France, Quisling in Norway, South Africa\u2019s Bantustan leaders, might qualify more as temporary tools of an imperial or occupying power, of very transient worth, rather than fully fledged functional groups possessing organic socio-economic utility.<\/p>\n
Many Israeli Jews, like white South Africans, do not have the convenient choice of former settlers to fall back on foreign passports. Furthermore many have come to acquire an identity with the country in which they have lived for generations. Afrikaner families can trace their ancestry back to 17th century settlers in the Cape; and English settlers to the 1820\u2019s. Israeli Sabras might not go back that long but are a very different kettle of fish to those transients latterly out of Russia and Brooklyn. Those prepared to accept equality with their fellow citizens have in South Africa been able to find a settled future after equal rights for all citizens has been guaranteed by the country\u2019s new constitution.<\/p>\n
Whilst it is possible that the USA might in time find Zionist Israel a liability and of less import than other Arab interests this does not imply the end of the Jews in Palestine. The more those of settler origin come to share common values and a shared vision with the indigenous people, the stronger the process of integration and nation building.<\/p>\n
9. LESSONS FROM SOUTH AFRICA
\nArchbishop Desmond Tutu summed up the affinity many South Africans have for the Palestinians when after a visit to the OPT\u2019s he declared: \u201cI\u2019ve been very deeply distressed in my visit to the Holy Land; it reminded me so much of what happened to us black people in South Africa.\u201d He has been echoed by many former freedom fighters stating that what the Palestinians experience under military occupation is far worse than what was experienced during the apartheid days. As bad as things were no township or Bantustan experienced bombing by aircraft, tank or artillery. One has to go back to Smuts bombing the Rand white miners and the Bondelswarts in their rebellions in 1922.<\/p>\n
On the surface, in some respects, prospects for the Palestinians appeared to be much better than that of the ANC in the hey-day of the PLO\u2019s rise to prominence in the late 1960\u2019s, when the Arab world was fired by Nasser\u2019s anti-imperialist nationalism.<\/p>\n
Arafat\u2019s Fatah gained control of the PLO, and changed the discourse from a brand of old fashioned Pan-Arabism that promised to destroy Israel to a more focussed Palestinian nationalism. After guerrilla raids into Israel, the PLO\u2019s forces swiftly grew to assume the character of a regular army, to battalion and brigade strength. For a time they operated somewhat freely, if precariously, in Jordan and parts of the Lebanon, had a plentiful supply of weapons; support and funding from the Arab states; and a vital supply of recruits from the pool of refugees keen to take up arms and regain their lost land.<\/p>\n
Although the 1967 war further worsened the crisis of land dispossession and the plight of refugees, and was a huge setback for Egypt, Jordan and Syria, the PLO expanded as a military entity.<\/p>\n
In contrast the ANC, after the capture of the cream of its leadership in 1962-63, including Nelson Mandela, the round up and imprisonment of thousands of its key activists, was virtually crushed as an organised force within South Africa. There was an estimated 8,000 political prisoners serving lengthy prison sentences in 1965 with scores having been either hanged or killed in custody. Exile for those who escaped meant working in far off Dar Es Salaam, virtually cut off from borders up to 3,000 kilometres away, through hostile Rhodesian and Portuguese controlled territory, with a few hundred cadres undergoing training and little prospect of recruitment except in dribs and drabs.<\/p>\n
Both the ANC and PLO mobilised international support through the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations, as well as the OAU and Arab League. Support from the Arab League did not prevent the PLO\u2019s treacherous expulsion from Jordan in the 1970-71 \u201cBlack September\u201d crackdown; followed by the perfidy and ejection from the Lebanon in 1982 and years of occupation by the IDF. The consequence was the PLO leadership having to operate from Tunis until the Oslo Accords permitted Arafat to relocate to Ramallah in the West Bank.<\/p>\n
The guerrilla operations of the PLO had shown daring and courage, particularly evident at the battle of Karameh (March 21, 1968), when with Jordanian support they repulsed an invading Israeli force. Operations into Israel and the West Bank, took the form of raids, often as much as a score a day in the 1969-70 period, among these the cutting by commandos of the Haifa Highway. This phase ended in mounting casualties, as Israel tightened its border security and mounted reprisal operations into Lebanon and Jordan.<\/p>\n
It has been generally accepted that the biggest defect was the absence of political work and lack of clarity regarding the objectives of armed struggle and its necessary connection with mass struggle. As frustrations grew the resort to the hijacking of aircraft and the attack on Israel\u2019s athletes at the Munich Olympic Games in September 1972 occurred.<\/p>\n
Undoubtedly such actions were in response to Israel\u2019s state terrorism against the Palestinians and the ever present need resistance fighters have of demonstrating that they have not been defeated and have the capacity to strike back.<\/p>\n
Whatever way the outside world chose to view such actions, the PLO\u2019s armed operations raised the national consciousness of the scattered Palestinian people after the disasters of 1948 and 1967.<\/p>\n
The year 1974 consequently saw perhaps the greatest political success of the post-1967 phase, when linked to Arafat\u2019s \u201colive branch\u201d speech to the United Nations General Assembly in November 1974, the UN granted the PLO observer status. Resolutions recognising the PLO as \u201crepresentative of the Palestinian people\u201d and their right to national self-determination were also adopted.<\/p>\n
This recognition was followed by the European Union, the USA and finally Israel from 2001 onwards. In retrospect, however, these developments can surely be viewed as a pyrrhic victory. The downside was trapping the PLO into the Oslo process increasingly regarded as having become a dead letter. The armed struggle was abandoned by the P LO to be pursued by Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Edward Said was later to refer to the Oslo Accords as \u201ca Palestinian Treaty of Versailles.\u201d<\/p>\n
Whatever the failures and limitations, the Arafat-Habash generation achieved important advances as commented on by Yazid Sayigh: \u201cIn retrospect, the armed struggle had allowed the founders of Fatah, the PFLP, and other guerrilla groups to achieve mass mobilization among the scattered Palestinians and to integrate them politically into the single, over-arching national framework of the PLO as a state-in-exile…In the process, Fatah succeeded in asserting its brand of pragmatic, state-centred nationalism that emphasized the establishment of a political and institutional identity distinct from Arab counterparts….Alternative nationalist discourses associated with pan-Arabism or the \u2018total\u2019 liberation of Palestine and unrelenting war with Israel were marginalized, although a new breed of Islamist groups \u2013 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad \u2013 revived the discourse of \u2018armed resistance\u2019 from the mid-1980s.\u201d<\/p>\n
Eqbal Ahmed, the Pakistani academic and mentor of Edward Said, was of a more critical view in a 1994 article on the PLO and the ANC: \u201cThe most significant contrasts between the two are political…For the ANC, politics never lost primacy…all PLO factions perceived armed struggle in militaristic rather than political terms…\u201d<\/p>\n
The lack of political clarity inevitably negates lucidity in strategy and vision. The ANC, however, had its own problems grappling with efforts to recover from the setback of the early 1960\u2019s. It too was initially inclined to pursue military operations as a primary method. In 1967 ANC and Zimbabwean combatants, entered Rhodesia from newly independent Zambia, to challenge Ian Smith\u2019s settler forces. The ANC\u2019s aim was to take the fight through to South African territory in the hope of establishing a guerrilla presence back home. Incursions into Zimbabwe lasted over a year, and despite gains in combat experience were terminated. Although this led to heated internal debate calling for a move away from pure military activity, and intentions to focus on internal political work in tandem, only limited improvement occurred over the next decade and in fact was never satisfactorily resolved. What came to the ANC\u2019s rescue were four important factors:
\n1. The emergence inside South Africa of worker and student militancy evidenced by a black consciousness movement; momentous strike wave in Durban in 1973; the growth of African trade unions; growing protests by both black and white students and a 1976 black students uprising that swept the country;
\n2. The development of armed struggles in Angola, Namibia, Mozambique and Zimbabwe; the support and resolve of the front line African states; and exceptional support from Cuba, the USSR, and the socialist block;
\n3. The collapse of Portuguese colonialism as a consequence of its wars in Africa and revolt of the military in Lisbon in April 1974;
\n4. The growing isolation of South Africa as a result of the international boycott campaign which grew from strength to strength.<\/p>\n
Independence in Angola and Mozambique greatly altered the balance of forces in Southern Africa. These two revolutionary countries provided staunch support and bases for the fraternal liberation movements. The 1976 student rebellion resulted in hundreds leaving the country in search of weapons and training. They joined the ANC in droves. At that stage 1975-76 Cuba had come to Angola\u2019s assistance to defeat an invasion by the South African Defence Force (SADF) attempting to prevent the MPLA consolidating the power it had won over CIA and Apartheid proxies.<\/p>\n
The ANC\u2019s armed struggle took on renewed vigour. During the next decade popular mass mobilisation with the emergence of a United Democratic Front, a militant trade union federation (COSATU) and workers strikes within South Africa began to dramatically change the picture. Zimbabwean independence in 1980 saw the further erosion of colonial racist domination in the region. The most decisive turning point occurred in Angola when in 1987-88 Cuban internationalist forces once again came to the MPLA government\u2019s assistance by repulsing the SADF at the battle of Cuito Cuanavale; followed by a spectacular advance to the borders of Namibia. This spelt disaster for racist South Africa; paved the way for Namibia independence in 1990; and saw an upsurge in mass mobilisation and conditions for a negotiated settlement in South Africa. Fidel Castro hailed victory over the SADF as so significant that in a victory speech he stated: \u201cHenceforth the history of Africa will be written as before and after Cuito Cuanavale.\u201d<\/p>\n
Whilst ANC guerrilla operations had increased they never amounted to more than low intensity actions, more psychological and inspirational in effect than of military consequence but by no means inconsequential. They aroused the black masses to realise that white power could be overcome. Such operations however need to be appreciated in reinforcing the mass political struggle that effectively unbanned the ANC and freed Mandela and all political prisoners. It was the underlying contradictions within the system that led the ruling apartheid regime, and the white business community it served, to opt for reforms encouraged by Western interests to head-off a pending revolution. The collapse of the Soviet Union certainly influenced that decision since the ANC would no longer constitute the radical threat to capitalism it was believed it had previously posed. That the South African ruling class was prepared to take that chance, and carry the white electorate with them when the question was put to a vote in a 1992 referendum, showed that hardened racist attitudes could be altered by changing interests and exigencies abetted by the persuasive power of the media. For the ruling elite, the ANC had policies they found they could largely accept, although they balked at those relating to nationalisation and any radical alteration to property rights. Instead of civil war and perpetual conflict, the white community, with the encouragement of their rulers and the capitalist media, were prepared to see race laws rescinded. The reconciliation measures of Mandela and the ANC, with constitutional guarantees, greatly assisted in calming their worst fears.<\/p>\n
10. THE FOUR PILLARS OF STRUGGLE
\nThe strategy and tactics of the liberation struggle for South Africa was developed over many years, out of the crucible of experience, taking into account errors and achievements. The movement believed in consultation, providing leadership but learning from the people, and did not shirk from internal debate and criticism even in the difficult conditions of illegality. This does not mean there were no splits from the ANC such as the 1958 breakaway that led to the fiercely rival Pan African Congress (PAC), nor emergent movements in the 1970\u2019s such as the Azanian People\u2019s Organisation (AZAPO), which remain opponents to this day. After the aborted incursions into Zimbabwe in 1967-68 a critical conference was held in Morogorro, Tanzania, to resolve pressing problems of the armed struggle, the need for political work within South Africa and leadership renewal.<\/p>\n
For another decade the ANC continued to grapple with the problem. Oliver Tambo, ANC President, wrote in his notebook after leading an ANC delegation\u2019s study tour of Vietnam in 1979:<\/p>\n
\u201cWe\u2019ve been forced by events into a false, a bad strategic situation in which armed struggle is and remains the basis of political struggle \u2013 an impossible equation. [It is] necessary to correct this distortion…we see the struggle as being built up from outside, introduced from outside by people who are outside…This approach wholly excludes the people, the masses, as the decisive factor not only for victory, but for any progress at all in our struggle…[We] see a serious strategic problem to solve before we can hope to make advances. Hence the view that we slow down on [military] operations and work for a change in the order of priority as between political work and military operations.\u201d<\/p>\n
An appropriate strategy emerged following the Vietnam trip which acquired insight into that country\u2019s epic victories over French (1954) and later American imperialism (1975). The ANC\u2019s strategic formulation of Four Pillars of Struggle was formulated as a result.<\/p>\n
These were: (i) Political mass struggle; (ii) armed struggle; (iii) clandestine underground struggle; (iv) international solidarity.<\/p>\n
Although separate, they were meant to develop and combine in an organic manner, so that each would mutually strengthen the other. Political struggle was primary and not to be subordinated to the military. Policy aimed at uniting and mobilising the masses, but this did not mean uniting with other political parties at all costs. Principles and common objectives were prerequisites for the unity between organisations. For this reason the ANC did not unite with any Bantustan entities or perceived collaborators. (This is a question that applies to all would-be friends urging Palestinian unity).<\/p>\n
Attention was paid to building an underground network throughout the country that could issue propaganda material, explain ANC policy, inspire protest actions, and root the armed struggle among the people in an all embracing People\u2019s War.<\/p>\n
Whilst the development of popular organisation, mobilisation and people\u2019s resistance within South Africa was fundamental in bringing about change, undoubtedly international solidarity helped tip the balance. It took some 30 years but the worldwide Anti-Apartheid Movement campaigns – launched in London in 1959 – for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) became an incalculable factor in:
\n(a) isolating and weakening the apartheid regime
\n(b) inspiring the struggling people
\n(c) undermining the resolve of those countries that supported and benefited from trade relations with apartheid South Africa,
\n(d) generating a change of attitude amongst the South African white public generally, and the political, professional and business elite in particular. I was told by a former apartheid government minister that when the iconic British Barclays Bank announced it was closing business in South Africa after 150 years it was the last straw that for him \u201cbroke the camel\u2019s back.\u201d<\/p>\n
BDS made apartheid\u2019s beneficiaries feel the pinch in their pocket and their polecat status whether in the diplomatic arena, on the sporting fields, at academic or business conventions, in the world of theatre and the arts, in the spheres of commerce, trade and investment etc. Arms sanctions weakened the efficiency of the SADF; disinvestment by trade unions and churches affected the economy as did the termination of banking ties by the likes of Chase Manhattan and Barclays banks; boycott of products from fruit to wine saw a downturn in trade; the disruption of sports events was a huge psychological blow; dockworkers refusing to handle ship\u2019s cargoes disrupted trade links. It could not be \u201cbusiness as usual.\u201d<\/p>\n
By the 1980\u2019s with the development of the Four Pillars the difficulties of earlier years were being overcome. So promising was the rise in recruitment and the ability to train, supply and communicate with internal combat units, combined with the intensification of mass struggle and resistance, that the country was becoming ungovernable and apartheid made unworkable. Expectations arose of the possibility of a mass insurrection. This gave rise to the SACP as late as a Congress in April 1989, adopting an Insurrectionary Program as a Path to Power, without ruling out possibilities of negotiations.<\/p>\n
11. A WAY AHEAD?
\nFor some time it has been evident that the Israeli ruling elite, corrupt, bereft of vision and divided, are finding that they can no longer rule in the old way. Military aggression and extreme chauvinism cannot solve their problems. They actually make things worse. Only a political solution can provide answers. The Palestinians have shown in no uncertain terms that they are willing to die for their cause and are not prepared to live under the old conditions. Their struggle will have its ups and downs but will not cease. What they fundamentally require is clarity of vision that unites and inspires them; and a strategic programme of action around appropriate organisational forms. In fact this is fundamental prerequisite for all the progressive forces in the Arab region taking into account specifics of each theatre of struggle.<\/p>\n
At the start of the Arab Spring in 2011 there was enormous hope that a new balance of forces, favouring democracy and revolution, was in the making throughout the Middle East. With counter-revolution, civil war and barbaric internecine conflict those hopes seem to be dashed; although the democratic break-through in Tunisia survives despite fierce contestation.<\/p>\n
Notwithstanding the perilous regional situation, the spirit of resistance of the Palestinian people is alive. Their levels of determination and vitality are high. There is cause for hope which is more important than the ebb and flow of optimism and pessimism. The following factors can be identified as contrary to the bleak and alarming developments in the Arab world:
\n\u25cf The heroic people of Gaza have shown remarkable tenacity in surviving the blockade and the barbaric onslaught by the IDF. Whatever one\u2019s view of the rocket fire into Israel, the IDF could not stop that form of resistance by Hamas and Islamic Jihad. As horrendously disproportionate as the fatalities were the innovative use of tunnels in Gaza from which counter-attacks against the IDF were launched in 2014, accounted for the deaths of 66 Israeli troops, and stopped the IDF in its tracks. The IDF like the SADF cannot carry the burden of fatalities. Demographics for Israel are a sensitive area. Gaza has become an international symbol of heroic resistance.
\n\u25cf Israel\u2019s rounds of aggression have failed to achieve any form of victory; their opponents proved to be potent adversaries willing to suffer harsh consequences. As an American national security adviser, Charles Freilich, has observed: \u201cThe ongoing inability of…the IDF to defeat…Hizbullah and Hamas is troublesome….One cannot destroy the ideas they represent or eliminate the need for the services they provide [their people]. The difficulties Israel has encountered in dealing with them have been shared by all conventional armies dealing with asymmetric guerrilla confrontations…\u201d
\n\u25cf Protest within the West Bank continues and the possibility of a third Intifada simmers beneath the surface. It is in this space that the mobilisation of Palestinian civil society has emerged radiating a powerful promise of new forms of mobilisation and resistance. Bilin\u2019s weekly protest at the Wall, and other such activities, from Jenin and Nablus to Bethlehem, Hebron and East Jerusalem are indicative of an unquenchable thirst for freedom and justice. The emergent political co-ordinating committees are significant grass roots based expressions of democratic, peaceful, militant forms of resistance illustrating what can be done under the guns of occupation and collaboration; and what can be done everywhere. These are the necessary organs for sustainable resistance.
\n\u25cf Within Israel a positive development has been the success of the Joint \u201cArab\u201d List (formed by the Islamic Movement, communist Hadash which includes Jews, and nationalist Balad) winning 13 seats in the March 2015 elections. As the third biggest block in the Knesset they may play a more significant role, transforming parliament into an ideological battlefield. Most significantly they transmit a non-sectarian signal to all Palestinians. Balad\u2019s secretary general, Awad Abdel Fattah, commented that the Joint List has \u201cfundamentally changed the discourse among the Palestinians in Israel\u201d, and \u201cputs the Arab parties on a shared path towards the much delayed goal of reorganising our community.\u201d The Palestinians within Israel have been underestimated. Yet there have been plenty of signs of their rising spirit: from the turning point in 2000 when 13 protestors were killed in civil clashes with the police; demonstrations in Haifa and the Negev last year against the relocation of the Bedouin; to the more recent semi-uprising in East Jerusalem against the racist abduction and lynching of young Palestinians.
\n\u25cf Internal contradictions, both class and race, in a capitalist society like Israel, has seen simmering resentment under the surface among Mizrachi (Arab) Jews at their inferior status compared to the dominant Ashkenazi from Europe. Racial and class discrimination has been experienced even more so by the Ethiopian Jews who were brought to Israel three decades ago. Early May this year saw protests in Tel Aviv in angry retaliation to the police beating an Ethiopian army officer. These anti-racist protests have seen Jews and Palestinians joining Ethiopian demonstrators on the streets. This is a most important sign for such shared experience will surely grow in the future breaking down psychological barriers and enhancing solidarity actions. Underestimated too are the courageous actions of Jewish protestors and civic organisations from women monitoring the check-points, to journalists and writers such as Gideon Levy, Amira Hass, Ilan Pappe and Avi Shlaim bearing testimony, to activists against house demolitions such as Jeff Halper, and youth refusing army service prepared to go to jail. They might be relatively few in number compared to the racist mobs but they are of enormous symbolic importance \u2013 the pinch of yeast needed to bake the bread.
\n\u25cf BDS, in its tenth year, has emerged as a weapon internationally that is going from strength to strength at a faster rate than that of the Anti-Apartheid Movement of yesteryear. It has almost become impossible to keep pace with achievements as mounting successes are recorded from the academic and cultural boycott; cancellation of international contracts and concerts; divestment by important institutions particularly in Scandinavia; growing opposition regarding sporting links the latest challenging Israel\u2019s membership of FIFA; cutting of diplomatic ties by Latin American states; the spreading activism on university campuses, Durban dock workers refusing to handle Israeli cargo and so forth. A recent poll reveals that one in six American Jews support boycotting Israeli products and 25% support settlement boycotts. An article by Omar Barghouti, leading BDS campaigner, in The New York Times, proclaims in bold letters: \u201cIsraeli Extremism Will Encourage Global Boycott\u201d and continues, \u201cShedding democratic pretences and adopting unmasked colonial policies will enhance a movement that\u2019s been a serious threat to Israel.\u201d
\n\u25cf The anti-Zionist protests from the Arab street, and notably Egyptian, can ignite at any time. The actions of the Arab working class together with students, professionals, artists, academics, women and youth, will not be blunted by authoritarian rule in their countries. Mass pressure on their governments for action against Israel could increase precisely in the space where the democratic process has been closed down in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. The Arab masses are both part of international solidarity but at the same time almost organically tied to the Palestinian people. Egypt\u2019s powerful working class, in particular, is a source of strength for the Palestinian working class and people in general. In the week of El Nakba just passed protestors chanted in Cairo streets \u201cOh Palestine we are you, you are us.\u201d
\n\u25cf The once dominant Zionist narrative has been overturned by the sustained research, writings, journalism of Arab and Israeli historians and commentators such as the late Edward Said and the Israeli Tanya Reinhardt; and by the advocacy of Palestine solidarity organisations around the world, trade unions and Jewish anti-Zionist opponents; the TV exposure of Israeli war crimes; the hearings of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine; the Gaza flotilla etc. The influence of AIPAC (American-Israel Public Affairs Committee) diminishes as younger American Jews refuse to show blind loyalty to Israel.
\n\u25cf Whatever the weaknesses of the United Nations and of Israel\u2019s flouting of international law concerning military occupation and war crimes, the global community continues to hold Zionist Israel to account. This raises the ultimate threat of enactment of the raft of resolutions Israel defies, including the Rights of the Refugees. Recognition of a Palestinian state by the UN General Assembly and the EU is indicative of the attitude.<\/p>\n
In short the narrative has changed; the legitimacy of Israel is challenged from many quarters with a realisation that it is a colonial-type Apartheid State; the Palestinians in all sectors maintain their spirit of resistance and will inevitably forge chains of unity against the yoke of colonial oppression. The many points of contradiction within the Zionist colonial, functional system, Israel\u2019s racist capitalism, are combustible elements that can ignite and spread like a forest fire. Civil resistance is becoming a concrete force pointing to a key road forward in which the demand of full equality for all citizens and refugees is becoming the unifying clarion call.<\/p>\n
An outstanding question relates to Israel\u2019s functional utility for the USA. To what extent might this be loosened or undermined? Contradictions between the USA and Israel are appearing in differences over America\u2019s strategic concerns including its relations with Iran. As the Arab world is torn asunder the Saudis, the Turks, the Egyptians are America\u2019s more functionally important allies. It is difficult to see which way things may develop. However, the USA government and corporate rulers, by no means stand by Israel for sentimental reasons. True the USA represents the most powerful force in the world but it does not get its own way; suffers severe internal contradictions; faces mounting opposition to its policies at home and abroad and will choose what suits it best. In time functional groups lose their function and become dispensable.
\nA warning in preparing for the future: Israel’s CST political economy – as in South Africa post apartheid – in this era of free market global neo-liberalism is likely to morph into an effective unitary state of sorts in which Zionism’s capitalist elite will adapt, control and co-opt all Palestinian and Israeli life to further its and Western imperialist interests. This is the next battle to prepare for even now as the old forms of exploitation and control give way to the new. This is all the more reason for the working class and democratic forces of the region to unite and prepare for the 21st century stage of struggle \u2013 and find their reliable international allies.<\/p>\n
12. CONCLUSION
\nAbdelwahab Elmessiri, a profoundly humanistic person, expressed the following hope in 2006:
\n\u201cWhy should the South African model not serve as a model for the resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, keeping in mind the specific nature of the Zionist enclave? [Apartheid] South Africa was dismantled, and the white (settler) population was absorbed in the new regime. The \u2018destruction\u2019 of the racist regime did not mean the destruction (the extermination or the expulsion) of the alien demographic element that was transferred from Europe. A similar situation could obtain in occupied Palestine. To start with, the Zionist state should normalise itself, namely to be a state for its citizens…. This means that the racist Law of Return should be rescinded and the Palestinians\u2019 right of return should be recognised and implemented…. the Arabs….should recognise the right of the Israeli citizenry to have full political, legal, and human rights, and to be able to give full expression to their religious and ethnic identity, provided that their definition of identity does not encroach on the rights of the others. A multi-ethnic, multi-religious state could integrate all….\u201d<\/p>\n
Netanyahu and Zionists of his ilk, caught up in the frenzy of Israel\u2019s colonial racism, impelling shifts to the extreme right, will not find their way out of the morass. The road sign Netanyahu follows is inscribed: \u201cImpasse\u201d. Reactionaries throughout history underestimate a people\u2019s spirit of resistance which they ignore at their peril and can never subdue or surmount in the long term. As far as time is concerned history has that potency of surprising us all. Change happened far quicker than we anticipated in South Africa.<\/p>\n
Having quoted a former unlamented South African apartheid Prime Minister, like all despots a very arrogant and therefore stupid man, I conclude by quoting from the country\u2019s first democratically elected President, Nelson Mandela, hosting a delegation led by Yasser Arafat in 1997 to Pretoria: \u201cThe UN took a strong stand against apartheid; and over the years, an international consensus was built, which helped to bring an end to this iniquitous system. But we know too well that our freedom is incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians.\u201d<\/p>\n
Our Palestinian Alice with a clear destination in mind, and a fighting spirit personified by the word sumud, is aware of the title of Nelson Mandela\u2019s autobiography: \u201cNo easy walk to freedom.\u201d With no illusions, with a unifying inspirational vision, with the correct strategy and tactics, Alice is bound like Mandela to find the surest route home. Lovers of freedom and justice everywhere walk with her. Palestine is not alone. Inshallah!<\/p>\n
Ronnie Kasrils, born in Johannesburg in 1938 of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania, after completing high school briefly became a script writer for a film company before becoming involved in politics in 1960. He served in the South African freedom struggle all his adult years from then onwards, was banned in his country, involved in the initial armed actions in 1961, before becoming a leader in exile in both the ANC and SACP; chief of intelligence in the ANC\u2019s military wing and served in the underground in the country in 1990. With the advent of democracy he was appointed Deputy Minister of Defence under Mandela 1994-99; Minister Water Affairs & Forestry 1999-2004; Minister Intelligence Services 2004-08 when he resigned from government. He penned a petition \u201cNot in my Name\u201d in protest against Israel\u2019s policies in 2001 whilst still a minister, which garnered several hundred signatures from Jewish personalities in South Africa; has visited Gaza and the West Bank; is internationally active in BDS and Palestine solidarity; is a social and political activist involved in the recently formed United Front in South Africa which protests against corruption and injustice; and is involved in numerous national and international causes. He serves on the Russell Tribunal on Palestine, and on the International Verification Commission dealing with ETA\u2019s unilateral ceasefire in the Basque Country of Spain. He has written three books about Bertrand Russell, a memoir of the struggle against apartheid \u201cArmed and Dangerous\u201d in its record 4th edition (Jacana 2013); and an award winning book \u201cThe Unlikely Secret Agent\u201d (Jacana 2010). He has written numerous articles and published poetry.
\nENDNOTES<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
WHITHER PALESTINE? Ronnie Kasrils, Middle East Monitor, London 19 May, 2015. 1. INTRODUCTION: It is an honour to have been invited to present this commemorative lecture in recognition of a truly extraordinary human being, the late Abdelwahab Elmessiri, who I was fortunate to have known albeit briefly. We met in South Africa at an international […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[19],"class_list":["post-107848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorised","tag-english"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"2.12.2","language":"no","enabled_languages":["gb","es","fr","pt","ru","no","ar"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ar":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107848"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=107848"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107848\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=107848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=107848"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/footballagainstapartheid.org\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=107848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}